Cavaliers vs. Roundheads

“Cavalier”, as a term, was probably popularized (with respect to the English Civil War) in the late 1630s or early ’40s, already carrying a derogatory connotation and often appearing alongside the term “Royalist”. The root of the word itself comes from the Latin caballarius - “horseman” - from which chevalier and caballero are also derived. The Cavaliers were probably skilled riders (some of them, anyway), but they are best remembered for their extravagant, elaborate fashion and hairstyles - this, at least, was the image that history has preserved, thanks to artists like Anthony van Dyck. The Parliamentarians and Puritans intended for the word to paint the Royalists as frivolous, dissolute, and hedonistic, though it was eventually rendered obsolete as a political term in the late 1600s, replaced by “Tory”. 

“Roundhead” surely was a knock on the short, cropped hairstyles of some of the Puritans, in contrast to the Charles II-style ringlets that were popular with the so-called Cavaliers. According to some sources, this was the case, as an authority describes a crowd in Westminster in 1641:

They had the hair of their heads very few of them longer than their ears, whereupon it came to pass that those who usually with their cries attended at Westminster were by a nickname called Roundheads.

Oliver Cromwell himself wore his hair longer than the typical Roundhead. Like “Cavalier”, the term applied only to a portion of the enemy faction; in this case, only the military and non-Independent Puritans could logically be called “Roundheads”. And, like “Cavalier”, “Roundhead” was succeeded by a different, more modern term - “Whig”. 

March 27, 1625: Charles I ascends the throne.

… and thus, the Cavalier Years began. These were the years of plumed hats, Van Dyke beards, the Three Musketeers, the cavalry, swashbuckling, and religious strife. ‘Twas a great time for hair and fashion… but not a great time for the English government’s treasury, which was heavily suffering from a large deficit, or Parliament, which had been dissolved by the king several times during his reign. After eleven years of “Personal Rule” (“Eleven Years’ Tyranny”, to some), Charles I fled London to raise an army, beginning the English Civil War. 

In 1649, his son, Charles II, would return with a vengeance, bringing to England an even more frivolous monarchy than the one Oliver Cromwell had crushed. 

February 24, 1500: Charles V is born in Ghent, Belgium.

This famous European ruler was heir to three great dynasties - the House of Habsburg, the House of Valois-Burgundy, and the House of Trastámara - and at its greatest extent, his empire spanned all of the Holy Roman Empire, parts of France, the Spanish Empire (including the fledgling American colonies), the Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia, and the Low Countries. 

As Charles I of Spain, it was under his rule that the Spanish Empire was first described as the “empire on which the sun never sets”. However, his hopes for a stable, united, universal empire were dashed early with the onset of problems that would plague his reign until his abdication - namely, the Protestant Reformation and constant wars with Francis I of France and Suleiman of the Ottoman Empire. In the 1550s, he delegated his territories and titles to his brother, Ferdinand, and his son, Philip II. 

Charles’ full titulature was as follows:

“Charles, by the grace of God, Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King of Germany, King of Italy, King of all Spains, of Castile, Aragon, León, Navarra, Grenada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Majorca, Sevilla, Cordova, Murcia, Jaén, Algarves, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, King of Two Sicilies, of Sardinia, Corsica, King of Jerusalem, King of the Western and Eastern Indies, Lord of the Islands and Main Ocean Sea, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Lorraine, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Limburg, Luxembourg, Gelderland, Neopatria, Württemberg, Landgrave of Alsace, Prince of Swabia, Asturia and Catalonia, Count of Flanders, Habsburg, Tyrol, Gorizia, Barcelona, Artois, Burgundy Palatine, Hainaut, Holland, Seeland, Ferrette, Kyburg, Namur, Roussillon, Cerdagne, Zutphen, Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgau, Oristano and Gociano, Lord of Frisia, the Wendish March, Pordenone, Biscay, Molin, Salins, Tripoli and Mechelen.”

Larry Gonick on the accession of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who was born on February 24, 1500 in Ghent. 

-from the Cartoon History of the Modern World: Part I.

The execution of Charles I - January 30, 1649. 

According to eyewitness accounts, the king remarked “Is my hair well?” to the executioner, shortly before he was beheaded.